{"id":80645,"date":"2024-01-14T13:14:17","date_gmt":"2024-01-14T13:14:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/termopares-tipos-e-mecanismos\/"},"modified":"2024-01-20T09:57:21","modified_gmt":"2024-01-20T09:57:21","slug":"termopares-tipos-e-mecanismos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/pt-br\/termopares-tipos-e-mecanismos\/","title":{"rendered":"Termopares | Tipos e mecanismos"},"content":{"rendered":"

O Que \u00e9 Termoeletricidade e Como Funcionam os Termopares<\/h2>\n

A termoeletricidade \u00e9 uma forma de energia gerada pelo efeito termoel\u00e9trico, que consiste na convers\u00e3o direta de diferen\u00e7as de temperatura em tens\u00e3o el\u00e9trica e vice-versa. Esse fen\u00f4meno ocorre atrav\u00e9s de um dispositivo conhecido como termopar. Quando dois materiais distintos s\u00e3o aquecidos em sua jun\u00e7\u00e3o, ocorre uma transfer\u00eancia de el\u00e9trons entre os materiais, gerando um fluxo de corrente el\u00e9trica.<\/p>\n

Como os Termopares Funcionam<\/h2>\n

Os termopares s\u00e3o dispositivos el\u00e9tricos compostos por dois condutores el\u00e9tricos diferentes formando uma jun\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica. Eles produzem uma voltagem que depende da temperatura devido ao efeito termoel\u00e9trico, e essa voltagem pode ser usada para medir temperaturas. Por exemplo, o constantan \u00e9 o elemento negativo do termopar tipo J, com o ferro sendo o positivo. Os termopares tipo J s\u00e3o utilizados em aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de tratamento t\u00e9rmico. Al\u00e9m disso, o constantan \u00e9 o elemento negativo do termopar tipo T, com o cobre sendo o positivo, utilizado em temperaturas criog\u00eanicas.<\/p>\n

Os Efeitos da Termoeletricidade<\/h2>\n

O termo “efeito termoel\u00e9trico” engloba tr\u00eas efeitos separados: o efeito Seebeck, o efeito Peltier e o efeito Thomson. O efeito Seebeck, descoberto por Thomas Seebeck em 1821, ocorre quando uma diferen\u00e7a de temperatura entre dois condutores ou semicondutores diferentes produz uma diferen\u00e7a de voltagem entre as duas subst\u00e2ncias. J\u00e1 o efeito Peltier, descoberto por Jean Charles Athanase Peltier em 1834, refere-se ao aquecimento ou resfriamento em uma jun\u00e7\u00e3o eletrificada de dois condutores diferentes. O efeito Thomson descreve a corrente el\u00e9trica que se desenvolve em um \u00fanico condutor quando um pequeno gradiente de temperatura \u00e9 aplicado.<\/p>\n

Materiais Termoel\u00e9tricos<\/h2>\n

Os materiais termoel\u00e9tricos convertem energia t\u00e9rmica em energia el\u00e9trica por meio de um processo conhecido como convers\u00e3o termoel\u00e9trica. A fonte de calor para a diferen\u00e7a de temperatura pode ser motores de combust\u00e3o, luz solar, rea\u00e7\u00f5es qu\u00edmicas ou decaimento nuclear. Esses materiais devem possuir alta condutividade el\u00e9trica e baixa condutividade t\u00e9rmica. Tr\u00eas materiais comumente usados para geradores termoel\u00e9tricos s\u00e3o o telureto de bismuto (Bi2<\/sub>Te3<\/sub>), telureto de chumbo (PbTe) e sil\u00edcio-germ\u00e2nio (SiGe).<\/p>\n

Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es dos Termopares e Materiais Termoel\u00e9tricos<\/h2>\n

Os termopares s\u00e3o amplamente utilizados em uma variedade de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, desde a medi\u00e7\u00e3o de temperatura em processos industriais at\u00e9 seu uso em equipamentos de refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o. A nanotecnologia tem permitido avan\u00e7os significativos na efici\u00eancia dos materiais termoel\u00e9tricos, criando recursos em escala nanom\u00e9trica que diminuem a condutividade t\u00e9rmica sem afetar as propriedades el\u00e9tricas dos materiais.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n Original Article<\/a>\n<\/div>\n

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