{"id":208809,"date":"2024-03-21T14:07:34","date_gmt":"2024-03-21T14:07:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/%ec%8a%a4%ed%83%80%ed%81%ac-%ed%9a%a8%ea%b3%bc-%ea%b3%b5%ec%8b%9d-%ec%a0%95%ec%9d%98-%ec%9c%a0%eb%8f%84-%eb%b0%8f-%ec%9d%91%ec%9a%a9\/"},"modified":"2024-05-15T11:33:26","modified_gmt":"2024-05-15T11:33:26","slug":"%ec%8a%a4%ed%83%80%ed%81%ac-%ed%9a%a8%ea%b3%bc-%ea%b3%b5%ec%8b%9d-%ec%a0%95%ec%9d%98-%ec%9c%a0%eb%8f%84-%eb%b0%8f-%ec%9d%91%ec%9a%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/ko\/%ec%8a%a4%ed%83%80%ed%81%ac-%ed%9a%a8%ea%b3%bc-%ea%b3%b5%ec%8b%9d-%ec%a0%95%ec%9d%98-%ec%9c%a0%eb%8f%84-%eb%b0%8f-%ec%9d%91%ec%9a%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\uc2a4\ud0c0\ud06c \ud6a8\uacfc \uacf5\uc2dd | \uc815\uc758, \uc720\ub3c4 \ubc0f \uc751\uc6a9"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">\uc2a4\ud0c0\ud06c \ud6a8\uacfc\ub294 \uc678\ubd80 \uc815\uc804\uc7a5\uc774 \uc6d0\uc790\ub098 \ubd84\uc790\uc758 \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \uc900\uc704\uc640 \uc2a4\ud399\ud2b8\ub7fc\uc120\uc744 \ubcc0\ud654\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ubb3c\ub9ac \ud604\uc0c1\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h2>\uc2a4\ud0c0\ud06c \ud6a8\uacfc\uc758 \uc815\uc758<\/h2>\n<p>\uc2a4\ud0c0\ud06c \ud6a8\uacfc\ub294 \uc678\ubd80 \uc815\uc804\uc7a5\uc774 \uc6d0\uc790 \ub610\ub294 \ubd84\uc790\uc758 \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \uc900\uc704\uc640 \uc2a4\ud399\ud2b8\ub7fc\uc120\uc744 \ubd84\ud560\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc774\ub3d9\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ubb3c\ub9ac \ud604\uc0c1\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ud604\uc0c1\uc740 1913\ub144 \ub3c5\uc77c\uc758 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc790 \uc694\ud558\ub124\uc2a4 \uc2a4\ud0c0\ud06c\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ubc1c\uacac\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uc81c\ud55c\ub41c \uc870\uac74 \ud558\uc5d0\uc11c \uc6d0\uc790\uc640 \ubd84\uc790\uc758 \uc804\uc790 \uad6c\uc870\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc815\ubcf4\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc2a4\ud0c0\ud06c \ud6a8\uacfc\ub294 \uc804\uae30\uc801 \uc131\uc9c8\uacfc \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uba70, \ubd84\uad11\ud559, \uc591\uc790 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uacfc\ud559\uacfc \uacf5\ud559 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc751\uc6a9\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h2>\uc2a4\ud0c0\ud06c \ud6a8\uacfc\uc758 \uc720\ub3c4<\/h2>\n<p>\uc2a4\ud0c0\ud06c \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \uc774\ud574\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\ub294, \uc6d0\uc790 \ub0b4\uc758 \uc804\uc790\uac00 \uc678\ubd80 \uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ubc1b\ub294 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \ubcc0\ud654\ub97c \uace0\ub824\ud574\uc57c \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc6d0\uc790\uc758 \ud55c \uc804\uc790\uc5d0 \ub300\ud558\uc5ec \uc678\ubd80 \uc804\uae30\uc7a5 \\(\\mathbf{E}\\)\uac00 \uc791\uc6a9\ud560 \ub54c, \uc774 \uc804\uc790\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \ucd94\uac00\uc801\uc778 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0\ub294 \\( -e \\mathbf{r} \\cdot \\mathbf{E} \\)\ub85c \ud45c\ud604\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \\( -e \\)\ub294 \uc804\uc790\uc758 \uc804\ud558\uc774\uba70, \\( \\mathbf{r} \\)\uc740 \uc6d0\uc790\ud575\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc804\uc790\uc758 \uc704\uce58 \ubca1\ud130\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc774 \uc804\uae30\uc801 \ud3ec\ud150\uc15c\uc740 \uc6d0\uc790\uc758 \ud574\ubc00\ud1a0\ub2c8\uc548\uc5d0 \ucd94\uac00\ub418\uba70, \uc774\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \uc900\uc704\uac00 \ubcc0\ud558\uac8c \ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubcc0\ud654\ub294 \uc77c\ubc18\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc12d\ub3d9 \uc774\ub860\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uacc4\uc0b0\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc6d0\uc790\uc758 \ud574\ubc00\ud1a0\ub2c8\uc548\uc744 \\( H_0 \\)\uc774\ub77c \ud558\uace0, \uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uc12d\ub3d9\uc744 \\( V \\)\ub77c \ud560 \ub54c, \uc804\uccb4 \ud574\ubc00\ud1a0\ub2c8\uc548\uc740 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \ud45c\ud604\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4:<\/p>\n<p>\\[ H = H_0 + V \\]<\/p>\n<p>\uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \\( V = -e \\mathbf{r} \\cdot \\mathbf{E} \\). \uc774 \uc12d\ub3d9\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \uc900\uc704\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \uacc4\uc0b0\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4:<\/p>\n<p>\\[ E&#8217; = E_0 + \\langle \\psi_0 | V | \\psi_0 \\rangle \\]<\/p>\n<p>\uc5ec\uae30\uc11c \\( E_0 \\)\uc740 \uc12d\ub3d9\uc774 \uc5c6\uc744 \ub54c\uc758 \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \uc900\uc704, \\( \\psi_0 \\)\uc740 \ud574\ub2f9 \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \uc900\uc704\uc758 \ud30c\ub3d9 \ud568\uc218\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc2dd\uc5d0\uc11c \\( \\langle \\psi_0 | V | \\psi_0 \\rangle \\)\ub294 \uc12d\ub3d9\uc774 \uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294 \uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \uadfc\uc0ac \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h2>\uc2a4\ud0c0\ud06c \ud6a8\uacfc\uc758 \uc751\uc6a9<\/h2>\n<p>\uc2a4\ud0c0\ud06c \ud6a8\uacfc\ub294 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uacfc\ud559\uc801 \ubc0f \uae30\uc220\uc801 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\uc6a9\ud558\uac8c \ud65c\uc6a9\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc6d0\uc790\uc2dc\uacc4, \ubd84\uad11\ud559, \ud50c\ub77c\uc988\ub9c8 \ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559 \ub4f1\uc5d0\uc11c \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uace0\uc815\ubc00\ub3c4 \uce21\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc2a4\ud0c0\ud06c \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \uc6d0\uc790\uc640 \ubd84\uc790\uc758 \uc804\ud558 \ubd84\ud3ec\ub97c \uc815\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uc870\uc808\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub294 \ubb3c\ub9ac \uc0c1\uc218\uc758 \uce21\uc815 \ubc0f \uae30\ud0c0 \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc801 \ud30c\ub77c\ubbf8\ud130\ub4e4\uc744 \uc815\ud655\ud558\uac8c \uacb0\uc815\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uae30\uc5ec\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\ub610\ud55c, \uc2a4\ud0c0\ud06c \ud6a8\uacfc\ub294 \ucc9c\uccb4\ubb3c\ub9ac\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \ud65c\uc6a9\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ucc9c\uccb4\uc758 \ub300\uae30 \uc911\uc5d0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294 \uc804\uae30\uc7a5\uc744 \ucd94\uc815\ud558\uac70\ub098, \uc678\uacc4 \ud589\uc131\uc758 \ub300\uae30 \uc870\uc131\uc744 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