How does a phased-array antenna work?

Explore the workings of phased-array antennas, their beam steering capabilities, and their impactful role in modern communication systems.

Understanding Phased-Array Antennas

Phased-array antennas are a pivotal technology in modern communication systems. Their unique operational capabilities are derived from the combined effect of multiple, individually-controlled antenna elements.

Working Principle

Unlike traditional antennas, which direct their signal in a single direction, a phased-array antenna generates a beam that can be electronically steered. This is achieved without any physical movement of the antenna itself.

Array of Elements

The core of a phased-array antenna consists of an

array

of antenna elements, often in a flat, two-dimensional grid. Each element can transmit or receive signals independently, controlled by an individual phase shifter.

Beam Steering and Formation

Beam steering is the most significant feature of a phased-array antenna. By adjusting the phase of the signal at each antenna element, the beam can be ‘steered’ in different directions. This

constructive interference

leads to the formation of a high-gain, directional beam.

Advantages and Applications

Phased-array antennas excel in speed and flexibility, as they can switch their beam direction in microseconds.

They are extensively used in radar systems, enabling them to track multiple targets simultaneously.

Their ability to form multiple beams from a single antenna makes them ideal for satellite communications, and 5G mobile networks.

Conclusion

Phased-array antennas are an innovative, adaptive technology that has revolutionized the field of wireless communication. Their unique ability to electronically steer and shape their beams, along with their multi-target tracking capabilities, are driving their increasing application across a broad range of industries.