{"id":380379,"date":"2024-08-19T11:02:39","date_gmt":"2024-08-19T11:02:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/?p=380379"},"modified":"2024-10-26T06:08:09","modified_gmt":"2024-10-26T06:08:09","slug":"%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%b5-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/hi\/%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%b5-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%95\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 | \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947\u0902; \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 | \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/h2>\n<p>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Andr\u00e9ev reflection formula) \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 (superconductor) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 1964 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0906\u0907\u090f \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/h2>\n<p>\u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 (normal metal) \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <em>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/em> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930 (hole) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u092a\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930 (coupled pair) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0942\u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930 (Cooper pair) \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li> <b>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u091c: <\/b> \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u091c \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/li>\n<li> <b>\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902: <\/b> \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0947\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928-\u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 <\/li>\n<li> <b>\u0915\u094b\u0939\u0947\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f: <\/b> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0939\u0947\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f (coherent electron transport) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f (coherence time) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/li>\n<li> <b>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f: <\/b> \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0928\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 (spintronics) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/h2>\n<p>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 (wave vector) \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925:<\/p>\n<p>\n  \\( E_{h} = &#8211; E_{e} \\) <br \/>\n  \\( \\vec{k}_{h} = &#8211; \\vec{k}_{e} \\)\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/h2>\n<p>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0928\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/\u0906-\u0926-\u0930-\u0935_\u092a\u0930-\u0935\u0930-\u0924\u0928_\u0938-\u0924-\u0930_\u0915-\u0935-\u091f\u092e_\u092f-\u0924-\u0930-\u0915_\u092e_\u0905\u0928-\u092a-\u0930\u092f-\u0917.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 | \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947\u0902; \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_generate-full-width-content":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-380379","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized-hi","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 | \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e 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