{"id":82616,"date":"2024-01-14T13:22:14","date_gmt":"2024-01-14T13:22:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/transmission-des-ondes-electromagnetiques-coefficient-de-transmission\/"},"modified":"2024-01-23T13:16:13","modified_gmt":"2024-01-23T13:16:13","slug":"transmission-des-ondes-electromagnetiques-coefficient-de-transmission","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/fr\/transmission-des-ondes-electromagnetiques-coefficient-de-transmission\/","title":{"rendered":"Transmission des ondes \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tiques | Coefficient de transmission"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Transmission des Ondes \u00c9lectromagn\u00e9tiques<\/h2>\n<p>La transmission fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence au processus par lequel une onde \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique traverse un milieu ou une interface entre deux milieux aux propri\u00e9t\u00e9s diff\u00e9rentes. Lorsqu&rsquo;une onde \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique rencontre une fronti\u00e8re entre deux milieux, une partie de l&rsquo;onde est r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie et une autre est transmise dans le second milieu. Plusieurs facteurs, tels que les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des milieux, l&rsquo;angle d&rsquo;incidence et la polarisation de l&rsquo;onde, influencent la transmission des ondes \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tiques.<\/p>\n<h2>Coefficient de Transmission<\/h2>\n<p>Le coefficient de transmission (T) repr\u00e9sente la fraction de la puissance incidente qui est transmise \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re. Il peut \u00eatre calcul\u00e9 en utilisant la relation : T = 1 &#8211; R, o\u00f9 R est le coefficient de r\u00e9flexion, repr\u00e9sentant la fraction de la puissance incidente r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re. Pour une incidence normale (\u03b8<sub>i<\/sub> = \u03b8<sub>r<\/sub> = 0), le coefficient de transmission pour le champ \u00e9lectrique (\u00e9galement appel\u00e9 coefficient de transmission d&rsquo;amplitude) peut \u00eatre calcul\u00e9 en utilisant la formule suivante : T = 1 &#8211; |(n<sub>1<\/sub> &#8211; n<sub>2<\/sub>) \/ (n<sub>1<\/sub> + n<sub>2<\/sub>)|<sup>2<\/sup>, o\u00f9 n<sub>1<\/sub> et n<sub>2<\/sub> sont les indices de r\u00e9fraction des premiers et seconds milieux, respectivement.<\/p>\n<h2>Polarisation et Incidence Non Normale<\/h2>\n<p>Pour une incidence non normale, le coefficient de transmission d\u00e9pend de la polarisation de l&rsquo;onde incidente. Comme pour la r\u00e9flexion, l&rsquo;onde incidente peut \u00eatre d\u00e9compos\u00e9e en deux polarisations orthogonales : \u00e9lectrique transversale (TE) et magn\u00e9tique transversale (TM). Les \u00e9quations de Fresnel pour les ondes polaris\u00e9es TE et TM fourniront diff\u00e9rents coefficients de transmission pour chaque polarisation.<\/p>\n<h2>Applications Pratiques<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Antennes :<\/strong> La transmission des ondes radio \u00e0 travers l&rsquo;air est essentielle pour les syst\u00e8mes de communication sans fil, tels que la radio, la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision et les r\u00e9seaux mobiles.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fen\u00eatres et filtres :<\/strong> En optique, des mat\u00e9riaux aux propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de transmission sp\u00e9cifiques peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour cr\u00e9er des fen\u00eatres ou des filtres qui transmettent s\u00e9lectivement certaines longueurs d&rsquo;onde ou polarisations de la lumi\u00e8re.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fibre optique :<\/strong> La transmission des signaux lumineux \u00e0 travers des fibres optiques est cruciale pour les syst\u00e8mes de communication \u00e0 haute vitesse.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Effet de serre :<\/strong> La transmission du rayonnement solaire \u00e0 travers l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re terrestre et son absorption subs\u00e9quente par les gaz \u00e0 effet de serre contribuent au r\u00e9chauffement de la plan\u00e8te.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Imagerie m\u00e9dicale :<\/strong> La transmission des ondes \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tiques \u00e0 travers le corps humain est utilis\u00e9e dans diverses techniques d&rsquo;imagerie m\u00e9dicale, telles que les rayons X et l&rsquo;imagerie par r\u00e9sonance magn\u00e9tique (IRM).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Exemples de Coefficients de Transmission<\/h2>\n<p>Voici cinq exemples illustrant les coefficients de transmission pour diff\u00e9rentes interfaces :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Air vers verre :<\/strong> Quand la lumi\u00e8re passe de l&rsquo;air (n<sub>1<\/sub> \u2248 1.0003) au verre crown (n<sub>2<\/sub> \u2248 1.52) en incidence normale, le coefficient de transmission est d&rsquo;environ T \u2248 1 &#8211; |(1.0003 &#8211; 1.52) \/ (1.0003 + 1.52)|<sup>2<\/sup> \u2248 0.961.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Verre vers air :<\/strong> Quand la lumi\u00e8re passe du verre crown (n<sub>1<\/sub> \u2248 1.52) \u00e0 l&rsquo;air (n<sub>2<\/sub> \u2248 1.0003) en incidence normale, le coefficient de transmission est \u00e9galement d&rsquo;environ T \u2248 0.961.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Air vers eau :<\/strong> Quand la lumi\u00e8re passe de l&rsquo;air (n<sub>1<\/sub> \u2248 1.0003) \u00e0 l&rsquo;eau (n<sub>2<\/sub> \u2248 1.33) en incidence normale, le coefficient de transmission est d&rsquo;environ T \u2248 0.977.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Eau vers air :<\/strong> Quand la lumi\u00e8re passe de l&rsquo;eau (n<sub>1<\/sub> \u2248 1.33) \u00e0 l&rsquo;air (n<sub>2<\/sub> \u2248 1.0003) en incidence normale, le coefficient de transmission est \u00e9galement d&rsquo;environ T \u2248 0.977.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Air vers diamant :<\/strong> Quand la lumi\u00e8re passe de l&rsquo;air (n<sub>1<\/sub> \u2248 1.0003) au diamant (n<sub>2<\/sub> \u2248 2.42) en incidence normale, le coefficient de transmission est d&rsquo;environ T \u2248 1 &#8211; |(1.0003 &#8211; 2.42) \/ (1.0003 + 2.42)|<sup>2<\/sup> \u2248 0.833.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/logo.png\" alt=\"Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves\" \/><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 20px;\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/transmission-of-electromagnetic-waves\/\">Original Article<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La transmission fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence au processus par lequel une onde \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique traverse un milieu ou traverse une interface entre deux milieux aux propri\u00e9t\u00e9s diff\u00e9rentes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1576,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_generate-full-width-content":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-82616","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classifiee","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.9 - 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