{"id":82583,"date":"2024-01-14T13:21:46","date_gmt":"2024-01-14T13:21:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/circuits-rl-caracteristiques-applications-et-exemples\/"},"modified":"2024-01-23T13:14:36","modified_gmt":"2024-01-23T13:14:36","slug":"circuits-rl-caracteristiques-applications-et-exemples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/fr\/circuits-rl-caracteristiques-applications-et-exemples\/","title":{"rendered":"Circuits RL | Caract\u00e9ristiques, applications et exemples"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Circuits RL : Composants Essentiels en \u00c9lectronique<\/h2>\n<p>Les circuits RL, compos\u00e9s de r\u00e9sistances (R) et d&rsquo;inductances (L), sont des composants cruciaux dans les syst\u00e8mes \u00e9lectriques et \u00e9lectroniques. Ils pr\u00e9sentent un comportement unique lors des processus transitoires, comme lors du branchement ou du d\u00e9branchement d&rsquo;une source de tension. Utilis\u00e9s dans diverses applications, les circuits RL sont notamment pr\u00e9sents dans les filtres, les oscillateurs et les syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;amortissement.<\/p>\n<h2>Processus d&rsquo;\u00c9nergisation<\/h2>\n<p>Lorsqu&rsquo;un circuit RL est connect\u00e9 \u00e0 une source de tension continue, le courant commence \u00e0 circuler \u00e0 travers la r\u00e9sistance et l&rsquo;inductance. L&rsquo;augmentation du courant engendre une force \u00e9lectromotrice (FEM) oppos\u00e9e, g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par l&rsquo;inducteur, qui s&rsquo;oppose au changement de courant. Les \u00e9quations cl\u00e9s pour le processus d&rsquo;\u00e9nergisation sont :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Courant \u00e0 travers l&rsquo;inducteur : I(t) = (V<sub>source<\/sub> \/ R) * (1 &#8211; e<sup>-t\/\u03c4<\/sup>)<\/li>\n<li>Tension aux bornes de l&rsquo;inducteur : V<sub>L<\/sub>(t) = V<sub>source<\/sub> * e<sup>-t\/\u03c4<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Constante de temps (\u03c4) pour le circuit RL : \u03c4 = L \/ R<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Processus de D\u00e9-\u00e9nergisation<\/h2>\n<p>Lorsque la source de tension est d\u00e9connect\u00e9e, et que l&rsquo;inducteur se d\u00e9charge \u00e0 travers la r\u00e9sistance, l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie stock\u00e9e dans le champ magn\u00e9tique de l&rsquo;inducteur est lib\u00e9r\u00e9e, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant une FEM qui provoque la d\u00e9croissance du courant. Les \u00e9quations cl\u00e9s pour le processus de d\u00e9-\u00e9nergisation sont :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Courant \u00e0 travers l&rsquo;inducteur : I(t) = I<sub>initial<\/sub> * e<sup>-t\/\u03c4<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Tension aux bornes de l&rsquo;inducteur : V<sub>L<\/sub>(t) = -V<sub>initial<\/sub> * e<sup>-t\/\u03c4<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Constante de temps (\u03c4) pour le circuit RL : \u03c4 = L \/ R<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Applications des Circuits RL<\/h2>\n<p>Les circuits RL ont plusieurs applications importantes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Filtres<\/strong> : Ils peuvent servir de filtres passe-bas ou passe-haut, att\u00e9nuant certaines fr\u00e9quences tout en laissant passer d&rsquo;autres.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Oscillateurs<\/strong> : Combin\u00e9s \u00e0 d&rsquo;autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments de circuit, comme les condensateurs, ils peuvent cr\u00e9er des oscillateurs g\u00e9n\u00e9rant des ondes p\u00e9riodiques continues.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;Amortissement<\/strong> : Ils sont utilis\u00e9s comme \u00e9l\u00e9ments d&rsquo;amortissement dans des syst\u00e8mes n\u00e9cessitant un contr\u00f4le des oscillations ou des vibrations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>G\u00e9n\u00e9rateurs d&rsquo;Impulsions<\/strong> : Ils peuvent g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des impulsions ou des trains d&rsquo;impulsions avec des temps de mont\u00e9e et de descente sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Exemple de Calcul<\/h2>\n<p>Consid\u00e9rons un circuit RL en s\u00e9rie soumis \u00e0 une source de tension. Pour un circuit avec une source de tension de 12 V, une r\u00e9sistance de 200 \u03a9 et une inductance de 400 mH (0.4 H), calculons le courant et la tension \u00e0 un instant t apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;application de la source de tension.<\/p>\n<p>Constante de temps (\u03c4) du circuit RL :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c4 = L \/ R = 0.4 H \/ 200 \u03a9 = 0.002 s (2 ms)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Choisissons un instant t = 0.001 s (la moiti\u00e9 de la constante de temps).<\/p>\n<p>Calcul du courant \u00e0 travers le circuit (I) \u00e0 l&rsquo;instant t :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I(t) = (V<sub>source<\/sub> \/ R) \u00d7 (1 &#8211; e<sup>-t\/\u03c4<\/sup>)<\/li>\n<li>I(0.001) \u2248 (0.06 A) \u00d7 (1 &#8211; e<sup>-0.5<\/sup>) \u2248 0.06 A \u00d7 (1 &#8211; 0.6065) \u2248 0.0236 A<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c0 t = 0.001 s, le courant \u00e0 travers le circuit est d&rsquo;environ 0.0236 A (23.6 mA).<\/p>\n<p>Calcul de la tension aux bornes de l&rsquo;inducteur (V<sub>L<\/sub>) \u00e0 l&rsquo;instant t :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V<sub>L<\/sub>(t) = V<sub>source<\/sub> \u00d7 e<sup>-t\/\u03c4<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>V<sub>L<\/sub>(0.001) \u2248 12 V \u00d7 e<sup>-0.5<\/sup> \u2248 12 V \u00d7 0.6065 \u2248 7.278 V<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c0 t = 0.001 s, la tension aux bornes de l&rsquo;inducteur est d&rsquo;environ 7.278 V.<\/p>\n<p>Cet exemple illustre le calcul du courant \u00e0 travers le circuit et de la tension aux bornes de l&rsquo;inducteur \u00e0 un instant sp\u00e9cifique apr\u00e8s la connexion du circuit RL \u00e0 une source de tension.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/logo.png\" alt=\"RL Circuits\" \/><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 20px;\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/rl-circuits\/\">Original Article<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les circuits RL, compos\u00e9s de r\u00e9sistances (R) et d&rsquo;inductances (L), sont des composants essentiels des syst\u00e8mes \u00e9lectriques et \u00e9lectroniques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1576,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_generate-full-width-content":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-82583","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classifiee","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.9 - 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