{"id":82457,"date":"2024-01-14T13:18:40","date_gmt":"2024-01-14T13:18:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/unite-ohmmetre-de-resistivite\/"},"modified":"2024-01-23T13:07:29","modified_gmt":"2024-01-23T13:07:29","slug":"unite-ohmmetre-de-resistivite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/fr\/unite-ohmmetre-de-resistivite\/","title":{"rendered":"Unit\u00e9 ohmm\u00e8tre de r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Unit\u00e9 de R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 Ohm-M\u00e8tre<\/h2>\n<p>La r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 est une caract\u00e9ristique des mat\u00e9riaux qui d\u00e9crit leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9sister au passage du courant \u00e9lectrique. Elle est d\u00e9finie comme la r\u00e9sistance d&rsquo;une longueur unitaire d&rsquo;un mat\u00e9riau ayant une section transversale unitaire. L&rsquo;unit\u00e9 de la r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 est l&rsquo;ohm-m\u00e8tre (\u03a9\u00b7m), qui repr\u00e9sente la r\u00e9sistance d&rsquo;un conducteur d&rsquo;un m\u00e8tre de long avec une section transversale d&rsquo;un m\u00e8tre carr\u00e9. La r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 est une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intrins\u00e8que d&rsquo;un mat\u00e9riau et d\u00e9pend de facteurs tels que sa composition chimique, sa temp\u00e9rature et sa structure cristalline.<\/p>\n<p>Les mat\u00e9riaux \u00e0 haute r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 sont de mauvais conducteurs d&rsquo;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, tandis que ceux \u00e0 faible r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 sont de bons conducteurs. La r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un mat\u00e9riau peut \u00eatre calcul\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de la formule suivante :<\/p>\n<p><center>\u03c1 = RA\/L<\/center><\/p>\n<p>o\u00f9 \u03c1 est la r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9, R est la r\u00e9sistance d&rsquo;un \u00e9chantillon du mat\u00e9riau, A est la section transversale de l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon, et L est la longueur de l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon.<\/p>\n<p>La r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un mat\u00e9riau peut \u00e9galement \u00eatre mesur\u00e9e exp\u00e9rimentalement en utilisant des techniques telles que les mesures \u00e0 quatre pointes, qui impliquent de faire passer un courant connu \u00e0 travers un \u00e9chantillon du mat\u00e9riau et de mesurer la chute de tension \u00e0 travers celui-ci.<\/p>\n<h2>Importance en G\u00e9nie \u00c9lectrique<\/h2>\n<p>La r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 est une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 importante des mat\u00e9riaux utilis\u00e9s en g\u00e9nie \u00e9lectrique, car elle d\u00e9termine leur ad\u00e9quation \u00e0 diverses applications. Par exemple, les mat\u00e9riaux \u00e0 faible r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9, comme le cuivre et l&rsquo;aluminium, sont utilis\u00e9s pour le c\u00e2blage et les lignes de transmission \u00e9lectrique, tandis que les mat\u00e9riaux \u00e0 haute r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9, comme le nichrome, sont utilis\u00e9s pour les \u00e9l\u00e9ments chauffants dans les appareils.<\/p>\n<h2>R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 de Divers Mat\u00e9riaux<\/h2>\n<p>Voici 10 exemples de mat\u00e9riaux avec leurs r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9s \u00e9lectriques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cuivre &#8211; R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique : 1.68 \u00d7 10<sup>-8<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7m<\/li>\n<li>Aluminium &#8211; R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique : 2.65 \u00d7 10<sup>-8<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7m<\/li>\n<li>Argent &#8211; R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique : 1.59 \u00d7 10<sup>-8<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7m<\/li>\n<li>Or &#8211; R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique : 2.44 \u00d7 10<sup>-8<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7m<\/li>\n<li>Laiton &#8211; R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique : 6.9 \u00d7 10<sup>-8<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7m<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Isolants :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Verre &#8211; R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique : 10<sup>10<\/sup>-10<sup>14<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7m<\/li>\n<li>Caoutchouc &#8211; R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique : 10<sup>13<\/sup>-10<sup>15<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7m<\/li>\n<li>Air &#8211; R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique : 10<sup>16<\/sup>-10<sup>19<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7m<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Semi-conducteurs :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Silicium &#8211; R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique : 2.3 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7cm<\/li>\n<li>Germanium &#8211; R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique : 4.6 \u00d7 10<sup>2<\/sup> \u03a9\u00b7cm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note : Les valeurs de r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 donn\u00e9es sont approximatives et peuvent varier en fonction du mat\u00e9riau sp\u00e9cifique et des conditions.<\/p>\n<h2>Facteurs Affectant la R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9<\/h2>\n<p>La r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un mat\u00e9riau d\u00e9pend de divers facteurs, notamment :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Temp\u00e9rature : La r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 de la plupart des mat\u00e9riaux augmente avec la temp\u00e9rature.<\/li>\n<li>Composition : La r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un mat\u00e9riau d\u00e9pend largement de sa composition chimique.<\/li>\n<li>Impuret\u00e9s : La pr\u00e9sence d&rsquo;impuret\u00e9s peut augmenter la r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un mat\u00e9riau.<\/li>\n<li>Pression : La r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 d&rsquo;un mat\u00e9riau peut changer avec la pression.<\/li>\n<li>Champs magn\u00e9tiques : Dans certains mat\u00e9riaux, la r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 peut changer en pr\u00e9sence d&rsquo;un champ magn\u00e9tique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/logo.png\" alt=\"Ohm-meter unit of Resistivity\" \/><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 20px;\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/ohm-meter-unit-of-resistivity\/\">Original Article<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;unit\u00e9 de r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 est l&rsquo;ohmm\u00e8tre (\u03a9\u00b7m), qui est la r\u00e9sistance d&rsquo;un conducteur d&rsquo;un m\u00e8tre de long avec une section transversale d&rsquo;un m\u00e8tre carr\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1576,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_generate-full-width-content":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-82457","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classifiee","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.9 - 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