{"id":82322,"date":"2024-01-14T13:14:17","date_gmt":"2024-01-14T13:14:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/thermoelectricite-effet-thermoelectrique\/"},"modified":"2024-01-23T12:59:56","modified_gmt":"2024-01-23T12:59:56","slug":"thermoelectricite-effet-thermoelectrique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/fr\/thermoelectricite-effet-thermoelectrique\/","title":{"rendered":"Thermo\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 – Effet thermo\u00e9lectrique"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thermoelectricit\u00e9 : L’Effet Thermoelectrique<\/h2>\n

G\u00e9n\u00e9ration de la Thermoelectricit\u00e9<\/h2>\n

La thermoelectricit\u00e9 est produite par l’effet thermoelectrique, qui est la conversion directe des diff\u00e9rences de temp\u00e9rature en tension \u00e9lectrique et vice versa. Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne se produit lorsqu’on chauffe deux mat\u00e9riaux dissemblables joints, provoquant un transfert d’\u00e9lectrons et la cr\u00e9ation d’un courant \u00e9lectrique. Un g\u00e9n\u00e9rateur thermo\u00e9lectrique (TEG), ou g\u00e9n\u00e9rateur de Seebeck, est un dispositif \u00e0 l’\u00e9tat solide qui transforme directement un flux de chaleur (diff\u00e9rences de temp\u00e9rature) en \u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l’effet Seebeck.<\/p>\n

Effet Seebeck<\/h2>\n

L’effet Seebeck, d\u00e9couvert en 1821, se produit lorsqu’une diff\u00e9rence de temp\u00e9rature entre deux conducteurs ou semi-conducteurs \u00e9lectriques dissemblables cr\u00e9e une diff\u00e9rence de tension entre les deux substances. La tension g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e d\u00e9pend du coefficient de Seebeck S (S = V\/\u0394T) et de la diff\u00e9rence de temp\u00e9rature entre les deux jonctions du thermocouple.<\/p>\n

Effet Peltier<\/h2>\n

D\u00e9couvert en 1834, l’effet Peltier est l’analogue de l’effet Seebeck. Il se caract\u00e9rise par le chauffage ou le refroidissement \u00e0 une jonction \u00e9lectrifi\u00e9e de deux conducteurs diff\u00e9rents. Le coefficient Peltier (\u03c0) est d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par le rapport du courant (I) au taux de chauffage (q) : \u03c0 = I\/q. Il repr\u00e9sente la quantit\u00e9 de chaleur transport\u00e9e par unit\u00e9 de charge.<\/p>\n

Effet Thomson<\/h2>\n

L’effet Thomson d\u00e9crit le courant \u00e9lectrique qui se d\u00e9veloppe dans un conducteur unique lorsqu’un petit gradient de temp\u00e9rature est appliqu\u00e9. Cette relation est d\u00e9crite par l’\u00e9quation : q = \u03b2I\u0394T, o\u00f9 q est le taux de chauffage, I est un courant \u00e9lectrique, \u0394T est le changement de temp\u00e9rature, et \u03b2 est le coefficient Thomson.<\/p>\n

M\u00e9canismes de l’Effet Thermoelectrique<\/h2>\n

Par exemple, lorsque deux m\u00e9taux dissemblables comme le cuivre et le zinc sont joints, un transfert d’\u00e9lectrons peut se produire, cr\u00e9ant un potentiel de tension \u00e0 la jonction des deux m\u00e9taux. Un tel dispositif est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0thermocouple\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Applications de l’Effet Thermoelectrique<\/h2>\n

Les applications de l’effet thermoelectrique incluent les g\u00e9n\u00e9rateurs thermo\u00e9lectriques pour la conversion de la chaleur en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9, les dispositifs de refroidissement thermoelectrique utilisant l’effet Peltier et les mesures de temp\u00e9rature avec des thermocouples.<\/p>\n

Mat\u00e9riaux Thermoelectriques<\/h2>\n

Les mat\u00e9riaux thermoelectriques convertissent l’\u00e9nergie thermique en \u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique par thermoelectricit\u00e9. Ils doivent poss\u00e9der \u00e0 la fois une haute conductivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique (\u03c3) et une faible conductivit\u00e9 thermique (\u03ba). Les trois principaux semi-conducteurs utilis\u00e9s sont le tellurure de bismuth (Bi2<\/sub>Te3<\/sub>), le tellurure de plomb (PbTe) et le silicium germanium (SiGe).<\/p>\n

G\u00e9n\u00e9rateur Thermoelectrique – G\u00e9n\u00e9rateur Seebeck<\/h2>\n

Un g\u00e9n\u00e9rateur thermo\u00e9lectrique (TEG), ou g\u00e9n\u00e9rateur de Seebeck, est un dispositif \u00e0 l’\u00e9tat solide qui utilise des mat\u00e9riaux thermoelectriques pour la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration d’\u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique. Ils sont utilis\u00e9s dans les lieux isol\u00e9s, sur des vaisseaux spatiaux et dans des endroits o\u00f9 la chaleur perdue peut \u00eatre r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9e. Malgr\u00e9 leur fiabilit\u00e9 et durabilit\u00e9, l’utilisation plus large de ces dispositifs est limit\u00e9e par leur faible efficacit\u00e9 syst\u00e9mique et leur co\u00fbt sp\u00e9cifique \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"Thermoelectricity<\/p>\n

\n Original Article<\/a>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La thermo\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 est g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par l’effet thermo\u00e9lectrique, qui est la conversion directe des diff\u00e9rences de temp\u00e9rature en tension \u00e9lectrique et vice versa via un thermocouple.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5681,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_generate-full-width-content":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-82322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classifiee","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"yoast_head":"\nThermo\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 - Effet thermo\u00e9lectrique<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La thermo\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 est g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par l'effet thermo\u00e9lectrique, qui est la conversion directe des diff\u00e9rences de temp\u00e9rature en tension \u00e9lectrique et vice versa via un thermocouple.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/fr\/thermoelectricite-effet-thermoelectrique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Thermo\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 - 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