{"id":82235,"date":"2024-01-14T13:09:47","date_gmt":"2024-01-14T13:09:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/batterie-nickel-cadmium-comment-ca-marche-reaction-anode-cathode-et-electrolyte\/"},"modified":"2024-01-23T12:55:20","modified_gmt":"2024-01-23T12:55:20","slug":"batterie-nickel-cadmium-comment-ca-marche-reaction-anode-cathode-et-electrolyte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/fr\/batterie-nickel-cadmium-comment-ca-marche-reaction-anode-cathode-et-electrolyte\/","title":{"rendered":"Batterie nickel-cadmium &#8211; Comment \u00e7a marche | R\u00e9action, anode, cathode et \u00e9lectrolyte"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>La Batterie Nickel-Cadmium : Fonctionnement et Composition<\/h2>\n<p>La batterie nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) est une forme de batterie secondaire utilisant l&rsquo;hydroxyde de nickel Ni(O)(OH) comme cathode et le cadmium m\u00e9tallique comme anode. L&rsquo;abr\u00e9viation Ni-Cd provient des symboles chimiques du nickel (Ni) et du cadmium (Cd). Cette batterie se caract\u00e9rise par une faible imp\u00e9dance interne, lui conf\u00e9rant une grande capacit\u00e9 de puissance, mais une capacit\u00e9 de stockage d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle d&rsquo;autres syst\u00e8mes de batteries.<\/p>\n<p>Elle offre une longue dur\u00e9e de vie et la possibilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;une recharge rapide, mais peut \u00eatre affect\u00e9e par la d\u00e9pression de tension ou l&rsquo;effet m\u00e9moire, r\u00e9duisant ainsi la tension de charge maximale et la capacit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique lors de d\u00e9charges peu profondes et r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es. Le principal inconv\u00e9nient de la batterie Ni-Cd r\u00e9side dans son contenu en cadmium, un m\u00e9tal extr\u00eamement toxique. Ainsi, elle ne repr\u00e9sente pas une alternative moderne aux syst\u00e8mes de batteries. Actuellement, les applications des batteries nickel-cadmium se trouvent dans les appareils portables de petite taille tels que les outils \u00e9lectriques, les jouets, l&rsquo;\u00e9clairage d&rsquo;urgence, l&rsquo;instrumentation m\u00e9dicale ou les produits industriels portables.<\/p>\n<h2>Chimie et Conception de la Batterie Nickel-Cadmium<\/h2>\n<p>Une cellule Ni-Cd compl\u00e8tement charg\u00e9e contient :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cathode : une plaque d&rsquo;\u00e9lectrode positive en oxyde-hydroxyde de nickel(III)<\/li>\n<li>Anode : une plaque d&rsquo;\u00e9lectrode n\u00e9gative en cadmium<\/li>\n<li>S\u00e9parateur<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9lectrolyte : un \u00e9lectrolyte alcalin (hydroxyde de potassium)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les batteries Ni-Cd sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement dot\u00e9es d&rsquo;un bo\u00eetier m\u00e9tallique avec une plaque d&rsquo;\u00e9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9 \u00e9quip\u00e9e d&rsquo;une soupape de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 auto-obturante. Les plaques d&rsquo;\u00e9lectrodes positives et n\u00e9gatives, isol\u00e9es l&rsquo;une de l&rsquo;autre par le s\u00e9parateur, sont enroul\u00e9es en spirale \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur du bo\u00eetier, dans une conception connue sous le nom de \u00ab\u00a0jelly-roll\u00a0\u00bb. Cela permet \u00e0 une cellule Ni-Cd de fournir un courant maximal bien plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 qu&rsquo;une cellule alcaline de taille \u00e9quivalente.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9lectrode positive dans l&rsquo;\u00e9tat d\u00e9charg\u00e9 est compos\u00e9e d&rsquo;hydroxyde de nickel, modifi\u00e9 pour r\u00e9pondre aux exigences de la batterie, et de graphite comme milieu conducteur. Le nickel oscille entre deux \u00e9tats d&rsquo;oxydation lors de la charge et de la d\u00e9charge. Lors de la charge, l&rsquo;hydroxyde de nickel se transforme en oxyhydroxyde de nickel (NiOOH) selon la r\u00e9action :<\/p>\n<p>2Ni(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> + 2OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> \u2192 2NiOOH + 2 H<sub>2<\/sub>O + 2e<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Lors de la d\u00e9charge, les r\u00e9actions \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9lectrode d&rsquo;oxyde de nickel sont :<\/p>\n<p>2NiOOH + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O + 2e<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> \u2192 2Ni(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> + 2OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9lectrode n\u00e9gative est constitu\u00e9e d&rsquo;hydroxyde de cadmium, Cd(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>, qui est r\u00e9duit en cadmium m\u00e9tallique lors de la charge. La r\u00e9action est invers\u00e9e pendant le processus de d\u00e9charge, modifiant l&rsquo;\u00e9tat d&rsquo;oxydation du cadmium de 0 \u00e0 2+, lib\u00e9rant deux \u00e9lectrons par atome de cadmium participant \u00e0 la r\u00e9action. Voici la r\u00e9action pour l&rsquo;anode pendant la charge :<\/p>\n<p>Cd(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> + 2e<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> \u2192 Cd + 2OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Les r\u00e9actions chimiques \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9lectrode de cadmium pendant la d\u00e9charge sont :<\/p>\n<p>Cd + 2OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> \u2192 Cd(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> + 2e<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>La r\u00e9action globale pendant la d\u00e9charge est :<\/p>\n<p>2NiOOH + Cd + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2192 2Ni(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> + Cd(OH)<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>En raison de la toxicit\u00e9 du cadmium, une s\u00e9rie de r\u00e9glementations et de directives sur sa manipulation ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en place par les gouvernements du monde entier et l&rsquo;UE. L&rsquo;\u00e9lectrolyte, agissant comme transporteur de charge ionique dans les batteries, se compose principalement d&rsquo;hydroxyde de potassium concentr\u00e9, KOH, mais peut \u00e9galement contenir des additions d&rsquo;hydroxyde de sodium, NaOH, et d&rsquo;hydroxyde de lithium, LiOH.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/NiCd-battery-principle-of-operation.png\" alt=\"Nickel-cadmium Battery - How it works\" \/><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 20px;\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.electricity-magnetism.org\/electric-battery\/nickel-cadmium-battery-how-it-works\/\">Original Article<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9lectrode n\u00e9gative est constitu\u00e9e d&rsquo;hydroxyde de cadmium, Cd(OH)2, qui est r\u00e9duit en cadmium m\u00e9tallique pendant la charge. La r\u00e9action est invers\u00e9e tout au long du processus de d\u00e9charge.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3866,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_generate-full-width-content":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-82235","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classifiee","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Batterie nickel-cadmium - Comment \u00e7a marche | R\u00e9action, anode, cathode et \u00e9lectrolyte<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L&#039;\u00e9lectrode n\u00e9gative est constitu\u00e9e d&#039;hydroxyde de cadmium, Cd(OH)2, qui est r\u00e9duit en cadmium m\u00e9tallique pendant la charge. 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